The object of the scale was to measure a respondents opinion or attitude towards any given subject. Pdf a method for constructing likert scales researchgate. You can begin with analyzing and transforming your data from ordinal scale to numeric scale using mean command. Psychometric scales are examples of instruments that are. Many variations on likert scales are still used today, but most likertscale purists would say that the two main characteristics of a likert scale are 1 it expresses a degree of agreement with a statement and 2 it uses an odd number of response options, thus allowing a neutral response. The likert scale analysis using parametric based structural equation modeling sem zainudin awang 1, asyraf afthanorhan2, mustafa mamat3 1,2,3 faculty of economics and management sciences,universiti sultan zainal abidin kampus gong badak, 20 kuala terengganu, malaysia.
Named after rensis likert, a likert scale is a measurement device that requires people to indicate the extent to which they agree to several. Measuring teachers beliefs quantitatively criticizing the. Each level on the scale is assigned a numeric value or coding, usually starting at 1 and incremented by one for each level. Calculating, interpreting, and reporting cronbachs alpha reliability coefficient for likerttype scales joseph a.
Show full abstract importance of deciding how to measure study variables using an ordinal scale or a likert or likerttype scale. Similar to nearly all psychometric scale measures, the likert scale consists of multiple items that typically are summed or averaged to. The original idea for the likert scale is found in rensis likerts 1932 article in archive of psychology titled a technique for the measurement of attitudes. Understand whenhow to use questionnaires in interaction design surveys satisfaction questionnaires post use. Almost everyone would recognise this type of survey. Quantifying a likert scale the facebook intensity scale 2007. The thurstone scale is made up of statements about a particular issue and each statement has a numerical value indicating the repsondents attitude about the issue, either favorable or unfavorable.
Likert scales are a popular and effective commonly used to measure attitudes. The likert scale was developed by rensis likert, an american. Total scores are obtained by summing all items, with higher summed scores indicating greater levels of acceptability. Fleiss, 1981, applying parametric procedures to likertscale data analysis is still conveniently adopted by researchers in social sciences. Likert scale project gutenberg selfpublishing ebooks. Likerttype or frequency scales use fixed choice response formats and are designed to measure attitudes or opinions 2. Various kinds of rating scales have been developed to measure attitudes directly i. Wheeler, in the social validity manual second edition, 2019. Likert scale is applied as one of the most fundamental and frequently used. In this book, the author offers an approach to overcome the weaknesses of the traditional use of likert scale items in measuring teachers beliefs. Likely not the only scale book youll own, but probably the only one youd need. While not all summated scales are created according to likert s specific procedures, all such scales share the basic logic associated with likert scaling. The likerttype rating scale ranges from 1 strongly disagree to 6 strongly agree. Likert scale items are created by calculating a composite score sum or mean from four or more type likerttype items.
It is one of three scale books that i use, and because of its compact size, it is usually the one that i have handy when i need it. Reporting and interpreting scores derived from likerttype scales. Likert items and scales rob johns university of strathclyde 1. Public questions with a retest five years later, harper books, ny, 1938. While not all summated scales are created according to likerts specific procedures, all such scales share the basic logic associated with likert scaling. Code book enter data into computing tools check them. Likert scale is a psychometric scale where questions based on this scale are normally used in a survey.
The likert scale, named for rensis likert pronounced lickurt who published a seminal report describing its use, possibly is the most widely employed form of attitude measurement in survey research. The ubiquitous likert item the question above, taken from the 2007 british social attitudes survey, is an example of a likert item. Subjects choose from a range of possible responses to a specific question or statement. Unlike a lot of scale books and i have ownedown several, this one seems to flow well from beginning to end, starting with patterns that one is more likely to know and moving forward in a logical direction to more complicated scales and those less likely encountered. A likert type scale involves a series of statements that respondents may choose from in order to rate their responses to evaluative questions vogt, 1999. The likert scales invention is attributed to rensis likert 1931, who described this technique for the assessment of attitudes. Rensis likert, a sociologist at the university of michigan, is best known for survey research methods and for the likert scale.
People indicate which of the statements with which they agree and the average response is computed. Pdf likert scale is applied as one of the most fundamental and frequently used psychometric tools in educational and social sciences research find, read. It is the most widely used approach to scaling responses in survey research, such that the term is often used interchangeably with rating scale, or more accurately the likerttype scale, even though the two are not synonymous. If youre taking a likert survey, youll see a series of statements, and youll be asked to indicate whether you. Today, a likert scale is typically used to define any 7item, bipolar scale.
Likert scales have probably become the most popular attitude scale format for measuring public opinion on any issue. For example, one could have several likert items with various questions about religious attitudes or behaviors, and then combine those items to a single likert scale on religiosity. Likert scale examples for surveys iowa state university. Likert scale definition, examples and analysis simply.
Rensis likert management system paul fisk, tara levine. Since the inception of this psychometric scale, there have been several versions based on the. A likert scale is commonly used to measure attitudes, knowledge, perceptions, values, and behavioral changes. Likert type scales, multitraitmultimethod matrix, reliability, scale options, validity. A likert scale survey template is a professional manual concept that can be explained as a theory or technique which associated with the matters of psychological measurement. A likert scale is a psychometric scale that has multiple categories from which respondents choose to indicate their opinions, attitudes, or feelings about a particular issue. I want to write a book about my personal life except i dont know if it is wise. Likert scale questions, survey and examples questionpro. Here, ill explain the basic steps in developing a likert or summative scale.
A psychometric evaluation of 4point and 6point likerttype. Sample scale used in likert scale questions origin. A likert scale assumes that the strengthintensity of an attitude is linear, i. Since likert 1932 introduced the summative rating scale, now known as the likert type scale, researchers have attempted to find the number of.
An empirical study on the transformation of likertscale data. No scaling model has more intuitive appeal than the likert scale. I still havent found the one perfect scale book hence only four stars, but this one comes close. Likert scale, rating system, used in questionnaires, that is designed to measure peoples attitudes, opinions, or perceptions. When presenting methods and results, it is important to be clear if data were handled as likert item data or likert scale data. The answer options that you provide are just as important. Our tips for using likert scales effectively in your surveys. Pal1 1department of community medicine, gandhi medical college, bhopal, 462001, india. This book will treat likert data as individual likert items, and will not create likert scales. To create an effective survey, you cant stop at wellstructured questions. Kerlinger 1986 described a likert scale as a summated rating scale whereby an inividuals score on the scale is a sum, or average, of the individuals responses to the multiple items on the instrument. Abstract the likert scale is commonly used in survey research using primary and secondary data to measure the respondent. How to analyze your likert scale data in spss youtube.
Transformation of likert scale data 2857 since the scale is a summation scale, the computed scores have been ad justedto1,2. Chances are that you landed on this page looking for information on likert scales and averages. The original scale was a 7point agreement scale used to measure respondents agreement with a variety of statements. Measuring teachers beliefs quantitatively criticizing. In the field of sla, likert scale questionnaires have most frequently been used in investigations of individual difference variables, such. Jan 20, 2018 this video explains about the analysis steps in spss. Having said that, the application of parametric procedures to data analysis. Likerts system 5 leadership theory as evidenced by only three specific articles on the topic found among several academic databases. In a likert scale survey respondents simply dont choose between yesno, there are specific choices based on agreeing or disagreeing on a certain question in the survey. Likert scales are a very effective option if used correctly, as long as your goals for your survey are clearly defined. In its final form, the likert scale is a five or seven point scale which is used to allow the individual to express how much they agree or disagree with a particular statement.
Likert scale survey template free manual templates. For example, each of the five or seven responses would have a numerical value which would be used to measure the attitude under investigation. Likert scale items are created by calculating a composite score sum or mean from four or more type likert type items. Because this is a unidimensional scaling method, it is. A psychometric response scale primarily used in questionnaires to obtain participants preferences or degree of agreement with a statement or set of statements. If that is the case, you will probably be want to skip directly to the part of this post where i talk about a common mistake people make with ordinal data and mean values. Likert scale is also known by other names such as likerttype scale or simply rating scale, although the last term isnt synonymous. The likert scale originated with rensis likert, and has a long history of use in kinesiology research, 14, 24. Like thurstone or guttman scaling, likert scaling is a unidimensional scaling method.
Two preliminary studies and three validation studies are conducted to ensure that the approach may give us a better insight into teachers beliefs. It is one of the most widely used question types in a survey. One of the most common scale types is a likert scale. Mciver and carmines 1981 describe the likert scale as follows. His original report entitled a technique for the measurement of attitudes was published in the archives of psychology in 1932.
The irp consists of 20 items which are rated on a sixpoint likerttype scale see figure 3. Reporting and interpreting scores derived from likerttype. It was invented by rensis likert, an educator and psychologist, who advocated an employeecentered organization. Learn about the ttest, the chi square test, the p value and more duration. This rating scale can help you determine to what extent participants agree or disagree with a statement. Likert scale data, on the other hand, are analyzed at the interval measurement scale. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. The likert scale is a rating scale that usually includes between 3 and 7 answer options, and is very frequently used in studies and surveys.
Likert, and likerttype, responses are popular psychometric item scoring schemes for attempting to quantify peoples opinions on different issues. The likert scale is a numerical ranking system which is used to quantify participants. You should also take a look at the list of additional resources. Use and misuse of the likert item responses and other. Different measurement models were fit by confirmatory factor analyses of a.
An empirical study on the transformation of likertscale data to numerical scores. This is a great scale book for guitarist and one that i refer to often. On likert scales, ordinal data and mean values achilleas. An empirical study on the transformation of likertscale. It is the most widely used approach to scaling responses in survey research, such that the term or more accurately the likerttype scale is often used interchangeably with rating scale, although there are. A psychometric evaluation of 4point and 6point likert. The following text is based on chapter 8 of that book. People indicate which of the statements with which they agree and the average response is. The likert scale questionnaire is a popular survey tool that is used in educational research, especially in the field of special education. If youre taking a likert survey, youll see a series of statements, and youll be asked to indicate whether you strongly disagree, disagree, slightly disagree, are undecided, slightly agree, agree, or strongly agree. The likert scale questionnaire format and examples. Mar 09, 2017 how to tabulate, analyze, and prepare graph from likert scale questionnaire data using ms excel. Technically, a likert item is a single question with likert responses, whereas a likert scale is a group of items viewed together as a single measure.
In the field of sla, likertscale questionnaires have most frequently been used in investigations of individual difference variables, such. Read our article to find out how to use likert scales as effectively as possible. Very generally, any scale obtained by adding together the response scores of its constituent items is referred to as a likert or summative scale. Calculating, interpreting, and reporting cronbachs alpha. Analyzing likert data the journal of extension joe. A psychometric response scale primarily used in questionnaires to obtain participants. A likerttype scale involves a series of statements that respondents may choose from in order to rate their responses to evaluative questions vogt, 1999. This video explains about the analysis steps in spss. Rensis likert, a sociologist at the university of michigan, who developed the technique. Many graduatelevel research projects involve distributing surveys and analyzing the results that come in. Explored and explained ankur joshi1, saket kale2, satish chandel3 and d. Likert and likert type scale the construction of likert or likert type scale is rooted into the aim of the research sometimes the purpose of the research is to understand about the opinionsperceptions of participants related with single latent variable phenomenon of interest. The likert scale was developed by psychologist rensist likert in 1932.